| Dieser Datensatz ist Bestandteil der ÖKOBAUDAT. |
Process information
| Key Data Set Information | |
| Location | DE |
| Geographical representativeness description | The data set represents the country specific situation in Germany, focusing on the main technologies, the region specific characteristics and / or import statistics. |
| Reference year | 2018 |
| Name |
Base name
; Quantitative product or process properties
Kraft paper; 1 kg
|
| Use advice for data set | The data set represents a cradle to gate inventory. It can be used to characterise the supply chain situation of the respective commodity in a representative manner. Combination with individual unit processes using this commodity enables the generation of user-specific (product) LCAs. |
| Technical purpose of product or process | This product can be used in construction. |
| Classification number | 6.6.05 |
| Classification |
Class name
:
Hierarchy level
|
| General comment on data set | This data set has been modeled according to the European Standard EN 15804 for Sustainable Building. Results are depicted in modules that allow the structured expression of results over the entire life cycle. |
| Uncertainty margins | 20 |
| Description | Product system depicted except for a few missing processes / flows. Technological, temporal and geographic representativeness partly given. |
| Copyright | Yes |
| Owner of data set | |
| Quantitative reference | |
| Reference flow(s) | |
| Time representativeness | |
| Data set valid until | 2022 |
| Time representativeness description | Annual average |
| Technological representativeness | |
| Technology description including background system | Kraft paper or pulp is usually made from softwood (like pine, spruce or birch). But instead of harvested wood, waste woodchips, sawdust and recycled pulp can also be used as inputs. Wood consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In contrast to cellulose, lignin is not desired for the paper production and has to get separated. The wood is harvested, debarked and ground into chips. The chips are mixed with pulping chemicals and heated. At elevated temperature, the lignin, a large amount of hemicellulose and some cellulose are dissolved. The remaining cellulose fibers are separated from the liquid. The result is chemical pulp. The most important pulping process is the kraft process. For the dissolution of lignin and the production of chemical pulp, this process uses chemicals like sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfate. The mixture of chemicals before pulping is called white liquor. Kraft pulping is usually carried out at 165- 175°C, it can be a batch process or a continuous process. A picture is attached to show the breakdown of lignin molecules during the pulping. When pulp is ready, the pulping chemicals have to get separated from the pulp by washing. Also undesired solid particles like bark residues are removed from the pulp by screening. Finally the pulp is dried. The pulping chemicals are recycled as much as possible. Some useful organics like alkali lignins or sugars are also formed by the pulping. The liquor containing the dissolved lignin is called black liquor. It has a high calorific value and can be used to generate power for the paper factory. Background system: Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms. Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above). Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered. Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above). Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources. |
| Flow diagram(s) or picture(s) | |
Modelling and validation
Administrative information
Environmental indicators